The development of tissue culture protocols is one of the solutions to address these problems. In early reported regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in C. pepo. Due to the difficulties in obtaining and longtime culturing somatic embryos, alternative protocols for direct or indirect organogenesis have been studied. Direct regeneration in C. pepo was first described using cotyledon with attached hypocotyl as explant. A wide range of other C. pepo cultivars regenerate to the same extent using the same technique. Brief sonication treatment stimulate shoot regeneration reported. In vitro shoot regeneration of a seedling-derived organ caused by prolonged seed storage period reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of age of the explant, effect of important additives and subcultures to improve the regeneration from cotyledonary node explants of important zucchini type vegetable crop. The addition of L-Glutamine was very useful for adventitious shoot regeneration in C. pepo. The highest frequency of adventitious shoot regeneration and the maximum shoots/buds regeneration were achieved on MS medium containing BA, TDZ and 15 mg/L L-Glutamine at the end of second shoot induction. The shoot regeneration number per explants progressively decreased or callus formation with higher level of L-glutamine . The released nitrogen sources from L-glutamine provides a readily available source of nitrogen, the implication being that the formation of necessary carbon skeleton or the reduction of nitrate to ammonia is a limiting factor in the cells. Maximum multiple shoot enhancement was observed in Cucumismelo, Cucumis sativus due to the addition of glutamine. Our results showed that the improvement of in vitro multiple shoot buds/regeneration as well as improve the shoot number per cotyledonary node explants can be achieved by using BA TDZ with combination of L-Glutamine.
After 4 weeks of the culture the explants further transferred to the shoot elongation medium containing reduced concentration of BA 0.5 mg/L GA3 0.5 mg/L with 15 mg/L L-glutamine. For this combination was used for all the subcultures. During the subculture the newly shoot buds are formatted and also observed clustered shoots. Similar reports were reported in C. pepo. During the subculture rarely in vitro flowering are formed, precocious flowering is well known phenomenon in cucurbits. Interestingly we observed continuous new bud, dutch bucket for tomatoes shoot formation in the elongation medium and the same time older shoots are elongated. Maximum shoots production observed at the end of culture/end of 8th subculture 34 – 36 shoots/explant . However, without BA and L-glutamine in the elongation medium shoot produced are reduced.The process of introduction is clearly consistent with the spatial and temporal relations of the form of life. This link genotype is fixed and has the phenotypic expression of morphological variability biomorphs, features of its reproduction, ontogeny and decorative qualities. Crocuses are one of the most beautiful early-flowering plants. In the world there are about 80 species that are common in Europe and the Mediterranean in Asia. 19 species grow within the borders of the CIS. Crocus korolkovii Regel & Maw is a crocus from the family of Iris or Iridaceae Juss. One of the representatives of mountain and foothill grasslands of Central Asia is Jungar Alatau. Crocus korolkovii was described in 1880 by two authors on fees from the Northern foothills of Uzbekistan , included in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. Many species of the family Iridaceae grow in parks and gardens as an ornamental plant because of their beautiful colors. Some types of Crocus L. were used for the preparation of dyes, perfumes and medicines back in 1600 BC. F. Abdullayev pointed out that saffron may be useful in chemoprevention of cancer in the near future. Morphological features of Crocus alatavicus Regel et Semen and Crocus korolkovii Regel & Maw in Tashkent conditions were studied by AH Sharipov. Canan Ozdemir studied the anatomical structure of the Crocus flavus Weston subsp. Anatomical studies on Crocus korolkovii Regel & Maw were not carried out. The purpose of the study is to introduce, identify and select the most decorative and resistant species, creating decorative and medicinal plantation crocuses in Uzbekistan.Or Saffron , corm almost spherical, up to 1.5 cm in height and 2 cm Chiron, with webbed unclear mesh, reddish scales. Leaves appear during flowering, narrow-linear, grooved, with a white stripe down the middle. Flowers are solitary or in 2 – 5, with a funnel-shaped perianth of 6 identical leaves, adherent in a long tube.
The color of flowers is bright, yelloworange, outside shiny purple. Stamens three, they are half as long as tepals, with orange, not diverging from the tops of anthers. The fruit is oblong box, about 1 cm wide, appears on the surface only after maturation. Flowering is in February and May, fruiting in May-June. C. korolkowii introduced from the Pamir-Alai Range to Tashkent . In the first year we studied bioecological features only plants under natural conditions. In the second year of the study studied phenology, flowering biology, breeding, seed production and the anatomical structure of the plant with the introduction of conditions. Phenology was studied by I.N. Beideman, the biology of flowering by A.P. Ponomarev, seed production by T.T. Rahimova. The anatomical work was carried out using fresh tissue samples fixed in 70% alcohol. The introduction of conditions tubers planted at 8 cm apart and 10 cm depth, with aisles of 40 cm. The vegetation of the underground parts of the plant began in the II-III decade of October. The diameter of the bulbs 1.5 – 2 cm, the number of roots 52 – 55 pcs., Root length 4 – 4.5 cm. The height of the underground parts of plants is 4.5 – 5.5 cm, sprout 4 – 4.5 cm length, width 0.5 mm .Regrowth of the leaves and the appearance of buds in C. korolkowii in Tashkent conditions observed in the second decade of January, February, sometimes depending on the weather conditions of the year. The earliest flowering noted,on February 14 the most later than 3 March. Flowering ends in II-III decade of March. Fruiting occurs in late April – early May. The end of the growing season occurs in the first half of May. The duration of the growing season is of 96 – 158 days .In nature, C. korolkowii blooms in February and March, in Tashkent under flowering phase had shifted to an earlier time . In the study of the biology of flowering C. korolkovii defined optimal humidity, air temperature and soil surface . In nature, C. korolkowii fruiting in May-June, i.e. in a phase of fruition in Tashkent had shifted to an earlier time . Under Tashkent conditions C. korolkovii seeds are formed in the second decade of April. The term of the formation of the seeds is about 7 – 8 days. 22 – 28 pieces are formed in each box. Seeds, 0.3 – 0.5 mm in size . Seed production figures are shown in Table 3.Samples of plants were collected in the experimental section of the Tashkent Botanical Garden. The anatomical work was carried out using fresh tissue samples fixed in 70% alcohol. The base sheet cross-section is flattened, triangular, with obtuse angles. The surface of the keel smooth, rounded edges, the side edges of the sheet edge enhanced adaxial part of the concave. The epidermis thick-walled large-keel & Figure 7.
Mesophyll keel consists of 3 rows of cells relatively small garden, which are located between two large and one small vascular bundle. Close vascular bundle consists of 20 – 25 vessels, and phloem, is a group of bundles of sclerenchyma cells. The side of the base plate consists of a single row of relatively small thick-walled epidermal cells of the epidermis, which is located under the 3 row palisade tissue. In both side portions are large by conductor bundle 3. Between the beams are located in the middle of the sheet winding with parenchymal cell walls. The middle of the sheet in a cross section clearly triangular, smooth wing surface side of the leaves are trifoliate-grooved has a similar structure to the leaf base, but differs in the number of vascular bundles , the size and density of palisade cells & Figure 8. Parenchymal cells in the middle portion occupy a large area . Groups of sclerenchyma cells above the beams, less thick. The top of the sheet is different from the base and middle of the following indicators: leaf blade narrow cuticular layer of the epidermis papillary, large-, palisade cells are large, elongated and arranged more densely, small vascular bundles sklerification. Thus, Crocus korolkovii strongly expressed palisade parenchyma in the base plate occupies a larger area than in the middle and at the top. Conductive beams sklerification less, the number of vessels in the beams more.In an amount of 1 – 5 flowers, tepals are yellow-orange on the outside together with a tube with a streak of purple stain, lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuse, 15 – 20 mm long, 3 or more times as long as tube. Stamens are 2 times shorter than the tepals, with orange anthers. Stigmas whole. Capsule oblong, 8 – 9 mm wide. The cross section of the stigma 3-lobed, curved oval shape. Small in size. Staminate thread slightly rounded with a recess, covered with rare or single-celled hairs. Staminate thread consists of 4 – 8 rows of parenchyma, located in the center of one vascular bundle with two small vessels.A cross section of anther consists of two layers, the inner and outer epidermal fibrosus. Epiderm is papillary larger – & Figure 11. The tube is at the top of the 6-lobed, parenchymal. The parenchyma consists of 3 – 7 rows of crushed cells of different sizes & Figure 10. In mid-parenchymal cells are numerous small vascular bundles with 5 – 8 vessels. The epidermis is of the tube small cell. In the middle part of the perianth tube is oval, slightly winding & Figure 10. Thin-walled parenchyma small cell partially destroyed it. In the center there are several lined parenchyma vascular bundles, non-oriented arrangement. Thus, three-lobed stigma, its structure parenchymal, perianth tube in a cross section of triangular shape, smaller than the number of C. sativus L. conductive beams 21 – 22. Perianth walled parenchyma with small vascular bundles.Human activities are the primary drivers of dynamic agricultural systems, which in turn determine the structure and function of agroecosystems. Human activities in agroecosystems are the result of attitudes derived from a combination of ideas, motivations, and experiences. Thus, it is necessary to integrate humans’ activities, which are governed by human perceptions, value systems, cultural traditions, blueberry grow pot and socioeconomic activities into agroecosystems. Achieving sustainable agroecosystems often depends on curtailing or managing human actions that either sustain or degrade the desired agroecosystems. Therefore, the human component of agricultural systems is central to their sustainability, and one of the most important aspects of the human component is perceptions of circumstances and environment. In other words, the human-agroecosystems relationship is influenced by the human worldview—a person’s perception of the world and their place in it.
Human perceptions shape the decision-making processes that lead to the actions that affect agroecosystems and ultimately determine whether production and conservation goals are harmonized in the development of agricultural systems. Because of this intrinsic link between perceptions, decisions, and actions, gaining an understanding of human perceptions is a critical first step to achieve sustainable agriculture. The structure and function of agroecosystems are closely linked to human perception. However, the relationship between perception and behavior is not always linear. Various factors affect the relationship between perception and behavior, such as socioeconomic and cultural references that influence how individuals act. On the other hand, ecological realities can also affect how farmers act with regard to agricultural practices, which in turn will form site-specific agroecosystem setting. There has been insufficient research performed to reveal how traditional and modern societies exert their perceptions and values upon the ecosystems they live in and how they manage to practice sustainable environmental management. Yet, understanding the relationship between human and ecological phenomena is essential. The evolutionary development of agroecosystems through the process of species introduction, selection, and substitution depend on how the rural people living within the system perceive their environment.