Month: May 2022

In fact, the approximate contribution of rice to the total calories being consumed is 30, 30, 50, 70, 60, 50, and30% for China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Philippines, and South Korea, respectively . It is reported that, nearly a half of the world population consumes rice as their principal food. Alongside this, the labour force required to produce rice provides livelihood especially to those belonging to the under privileged.The steady rise in population further underlines the importance of rice. Compared to other field crops, rice is most widely grown under irrigated condition which accounts for about 50% of the total amount of water diverted for irrigation, which in itself accounts for 80% of the amount of fresh water diverted. This is due to the high unproductive water losses by evaporation, surface run-off, and percolation. Producing one kilogram of unprocessed rice grain under irrigation is estimated to use between 1500 and 5000 L of water, depending on the local climate, soil type and rice variety led grow lights. However, declining water availability threatens the sustainability of traditional flood-irrigated rice ecosystems .

In Asia, it is predicted that 17 million hectares of irrigated rice areas may have “physical water scarcity” and 22 million hectares areas may be subject to “economic water scarcity” by 2025 . In Asia, where about 60% of the world’s population lives, food security is challenged by increasing food demand and threatened by declining water availability . It is, therefore, no longer feasible to flood rice fields for better crop establishment and weed control . Among different water-saving approaches, aerobic rice cultivation has come up with a huge success in different parts of the world.Growing rice in non-saturated and non-puddled aerobic soil is a promising water-wise technique of rice cultivation under the context of ever-mounting water scarcity. Growing rice under aerobic conditions requires 36% – 41%less water than under the conventional method . In response to the labour and water shortage problem, some alternative rice production methods were suggested by researchers worldwide including alternate wetting and drying , system of rice intensification, and raised bed for saturated soil culture. Compared with flooded rice, aerobic rice had lower production cost, higher water productivity, and a comparable outcome.Weeds are a major yield limiting factor in rice production , and the literature reporting yield losses is numerous. Globally, actual rice yield losses due to pests have been estimated at 40%, strawberry gutter system of which weeds have the highest loss potential.

The worldwide estimated rice yield loss due to weeds is around 10%of the total production . Yield reduction due to weeds is more critical in direct seeded rice than in transplanted rice. In dry seeded aerobic rice,relative yield loss caused by weeds is 50% – 91% , while in transplanted rice,yield loss has been estimated to be only 13% . Among the rice ecosystems,yield losses are the highest in aerobic rice . In extreme cases, weed infestation may cause complete failure of aerobic rice . Weeds persist by adapting to cultural practices, and every cultural practice influences the competitive ability of both the crop and weed resulting complex interactions . Cultural approaches play significant role to determine the competitiveness of a crop with weeds for above ground and below ground resources and hence might influence weed management. Integrated weed management strategies offer several options, but risks of developing resistant weed biotypes ,and environmental hazard resulting from herbicides from chemical control, and labor-intensive manual weeding methods  demand an eco-friendly and less labor-dependent weed management system for sustainable aerobic rice production.As observed by many researchers, the performance of herbicides can be enhanced if crop varieties with higher weed competitiveness are used especially in herbicide-dominant systems . Weed competitiveness comprises two components:weed suppressive ability—the ability to lessen weed growth through competition, and weed tolerance—the capability of maintaining potential yields in the presence of weeds . The potentiality of using weed competitive variety in integrated weed management has been documented in many crops including rice.

The higher weed suppression potential of Jasmine 85 and Rondo observed in the experiment is largely due to higher plant stand and better seedling establishment than other rice varieties. Main characteristics imparting weed competitiveness to rice include selection of cultivars, seeding vigor, early and faster seedling establishment, shoot-root characteristics and self-supportive allelopathy. Oluyemi, A.T. reported that Jasmine 85 grows rapidly, gives high yield,carries good resistance to pests in Southern United States and also suppresses the growth of weeds in surrounding area. Likewise, Gealy and Yan reported that Rondo has high yield potential and ability to suppress or tolerate rice pests,including weeds. Crop yield is determined by a combination of environmental factors and farm management practices that in turn influence soil fertility and plant nutrition. Despite applying 180 kg ha−1 mineral fertilizer that is more than twice the 87 kg ha−1 applied in developed nations, organic biomass was better than mineral fertilizer that was only better than the control. The increased tomato yield recorded for Mucuna and Tithonia treatments is consistent with the results reported in other studies that attributed greater crop yields to improved soil nutrients from organic matter and adequate soil moisture, bulk density and temperature.

Hence,hydroponic nft channel the increased tomato yields with organic amendments can be attributed to increased soil nutrient availability and improved plant nutrient uptake resulting from better soil physical, chemical and biological properties . Mulching with plant materials increases yields by stimulating decomposition and mineralisation in the rhizosphere, which improves soil nutrient availability, organic matter content, structure, moisture and temperature. In addition, differences in the quality of plant materials, nutrient content, texture, rate of decomposition, growth and vegetative matter turn over, availability and cost are important for effective ISFM.Besides the influence of Mucuna and Tithonia on soil properties, they possibly enhanced both root and shoot physiological and morphological developments, which in turn increased productivity. This is consistent with greater root production and lifespan induced by compost and mulching as compared to mineral fertilizer . In addition, mineral fertilizer induces high nitrate pulses, which could easily be leached as a result of its high mobility in the soil, coupled with the heavy rainfall condition of the study area. However, organic inputs would have released nitrogen more slowly, which enabled regular supply of nitrogen ions during a longer period of time to the root system that enhanced branching of axial roots and elongation of lateral roots, leading greater nutrient acquisition . Furthermore, decomposing Mucuna and Tithonia biomass likely increased humic substances in the rhizosphere that modified root morphology and induced proliferation of lateral roots and root hairs,nft growing system as well as increased the rate of differentiation for root cells.

Hence, greater tomato yields recorded for Mucuna and Tithonia amendments could be due to the interaction of improved soil properties and plant development ,which resulted in improved plant nutrition. The lack of significant difference or correlation between the ISFM treatments and tomato fresh weight could be attributed to the fact that some of the potential differences were compensated by water absorption from the soil that supplies all the water that the plant needs. It is suggested that comparison should be done on dry weight basis, which was not applicable in this case as the consumers preferably purchased fresh tomato fruits still having the original water content.Although ISFM considers combining appropriate micro doses of mineral fertilizer either solely or in combination with locally available organic materials as an important strategy for soil fertility improvement, the use of different organic inputs either solely or combined would be a more sustainable ISFM alternative. Accordingly,the best tomato yield was recorded with the combined biomass of Mucuna + Tithonia and the sole Tithoniabiomass application as compared to sole Mucuna, mineral fertilizer or the control. This is consistent with who demonstrated advantages of Tithonia + Poultry manure compost and sole Tithonia for improving soil properties and tomato performance .

Pelling argued that depending on vision of adaptation responses can be considered as; 1) “Resilience” when measures strive to maintain systemic function and the status quo or bring marginal change in a changing climate by which the “normal” state of the adaptation unit continues to function in the context of constraining factors, without explicitly challenging these, 2) “Transitional” when measures push against the status quo by suggesting new ways of doing things are necessary as a result of experienced or predicted change which therefore aims to bring incremental change within established regime and sys-tem of concern, and 3) “Transformational” when adaptation measures allow the scale of change required to bring major, non-marginal change disturbing the relationship between society and environment. This type of adaptation therefore envisions reconfiguring the structure of development to enable adaptation which necessitates establishing completely new ways of doing things, ebb and flow table robust institutions, practices, processes and forms of governance.

The study area, Borana pastoral and agropastoral systems, is part of the Borana administrative zone situated in Oromiya Regional State, southern Ethiopia . Geographically, the study area lies in the tropics region, and is located between 37 and 41 degrees E, and 3 and 7 degrees N. The study targeted lowland districts of the Borana Plateau which constitute the heartland of the Borana pastoral and agropastoral systems  subject to recurrent climate-induced stresses. The Borana people are an ethnic group of pastoralists inhabiting the arid and semi-arid areas of southern Ethiopia and the northern part of neighbouring Kenya. Strong social networks and bonds are important features of their collective lifestyle including natural resource governance. Traditional institutions are important entities in managing access to common property re-sources necessary to support the extensive livestock production system and collectively respond to climate perturbations. Though long term local climate data are not available to accurately examine potential changes in climate, existing limited data show that the study area exhibits high level of climate variability which is typical feature of dryland cli-mates.

The seasonal rainfall demonstrated pronounced level of interseasonal and interannual variability which was locally perceived and identified to be major challenge for agricultural production in the area flood table. Variability in terms of amount with a declining trend often going into extreme lows be-low average and uneven distribution are climatic attributes felt by rural communities relying on seasonal rain for agricultural production. Particularly, the long rainy season exhibited a rapid decline since the end of 1980s until recently. Air temperature in the study area has much less inter-seasonal and inter-annual variation as compared to rainfall which is similar phenomena to most of the sub-Saharan Africa . Moreover, the air temperature deviation has not been felt by rural communities and was mentioned to be less important than fluctuations in rainfall. Higher temperatures during peak drought periods raises the demand for more livestock water to substitute for loss due to dehydration and puts increased evaporative demand on plants. Farming systems of the Boran lowlands are complex and heterogeneous pre-dominantly characterized by semi-arid pastoral and agro-pastoral systems. Small-scale extensive livestock production, particularly transhumant pastoralism is the pillar of the economy, and the main source of food and income for rural households.

The Borana zone has 1.6 million cattle, 1.2 million small ruminants, 0.1 million equines, 0.2 million camel and 0.2 million poultry with human population of 1.1 million having density of 24 persons per square kilometre . The characterization of Boran pastoralists as ‘livestock producers’ is arguable because of poor profit and market-orientation of the traditional agriculture. Rather they are classified as ‘livestock keepers’ because livestock production is seen more as a way of life than a western world style profit oriented agribusiness. In the face of climate driven pervasive socio-economic and ecological changes, expanding drought-tolerant maize cultivation, increasingly popular camel and goat husbandry, and shrinking livestock holding per household characterize the dynamics in the farming system.

Under selection by humans, changes in annual plants may evolve rapidly and plant population structures might be changed considerably from one year to the next. Thus, during a human life span, several dozens of generations of the annual plants are passed, turning this period to an intensive quick laboratory of crop evolution. Thus, it seems that the first farmers have carefully chosen the particular species for their assemblage of founding crops. Indeed, those plants, chosen in the early days of agriculture, were plants that gave the farmer positive feedback for cultivation  and this, first and foremost due to their life-history traits, namely, annual habit, self-pollination mating system and the above mentioned beneficial mutations. Has man’s fitness increased as well as a result? The answer is, of course, a resounding yes, and this can be seen in the meteoric increase in the number of human beings on earth. Indeed, the transition to subsisting on agricultural products enhanced man’s fitness. Up until the shift to agricultural life, man subsisted on hunting and gathering—a method that proved itself well: in the long run, this way of life is relatively safe in terms of the availability of food, is nutritious and healthy in terms of food variety, dutch buckets system and requires a relatively low investment of time.

On the other hand, agricultural life is much more demanding: crop fields are exposed to the fortunes of weather, to insects, pathogens and robbers. In addition, it was found that the health of those who adopted farming was deteriorated , probably due to a poorer variety of food and the epidemics associated with agricultural life and the tremendous investment required in terms of labor. The advantages of agricultural life are ostensibly negligible, aside from one advantage, which is indeed fundamental, and which tips the scales— the advantage of higher fitness.The advantage to the farming man  is that more children, although constituting more hungry mouths, can also provide more working hands that will in turn help to enhance the farmer’s economic situation. Wealth in itself constitutes an advantage that enables the farmer to attract women , who, again, will pro- duce more children with the farmer, and so on. The social organization of farmers is such that it enables the “village” to care for the babies so that they are not totally dependent on their mothers to carry and nurse them. Farming mothers can, therefore, raise a greater number of babies concurrently, and on the whole can bring more children into the world, without risking their children’s chances of survival.

Summing up, the evolution of man and the evolution of his cultivated plants are interrelated by an unbreakable bond. This is, in fact, a process of co-evolution that, from a practical viewpoint, has been irreversible from the early days of agriculture. Plants that rapidly underwent changes during domestication could no longer exist as successfully without the conditions man provided them and without being dispersed in fields by man, whereas enlarging human populations that engaged in agriculture and produced more children could not subsist as successfully without the consistent surplus of food provided to them by such plants. That is, dutch buckets more progeny inheriting these evolved changes are produced, and those, in turn, will produce many new progeny who will bear and bequeath these qualities. It was mentioned previously that the ability to have more offspring is what tips the scales and leads to the almost absolute dominance of this way of life in human societies. However, one has to elucidate several factors that pertain to the behavior of different human societies in ancient times, their motives and the interaction between these societies.

When discussing the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture, one must remember that this transition was not a clear- cut or a smooth one. Even in this day and age, hunter- gatherers can be found who sporadically engage in farming and vice versa. Since both groups lived side by side, there was, and still is, contact between hunter- gatherer communities and agricultural communities in the form of marriage, commerce, labor and the exchange of knowledge. Despite such relations, a great deal of antagonism probably existed  be- tween these two groups, as farmers regard hunter-gatherers as inferior whereas hunter-gatherers perceive the farmers’ way of life disapprovingly, and in general, re-fuse to adopt it. If so, why have societies of hunter- gatherers throughout human history yielded to farmers and their harsh way of life? Two main reasons can be given, both of which are tightly linked to biological fit- ness: numerical inequality and the aspiring of prestige.

Some algae have a quite narrow temperature optimum, whereas others can show good growth over a wide temperature range . When choosing a location for algae cultivation, temperature conditions should be taken into account with a location having temperatures as stable as possible not only from day to night but over seasons. Low temperatures exert an obvious dampening effect on metabolic processes although the magnitude of cold inhabitation varies greatly among species . However, it must be recognized that temperature changes not only over the day and from day-to-day, but also with seasons . Stable night temperatures improve microalgae biomass production due to the balance of night respiration. Respiration during the night leads to biomass loss reducing productivity, and the rate of respiration is affected by temperature . Many other factors temperature control of microlgae in cultivation has other significant affects on biomass production. The major physical stimuli are temperature and light intensity;the former, can modify the fatty acid composition by increasing the unsaturation with the decreasing temperature and vice versa 4×8 flood tray. Water is in abundance throughout many parts of the world, but finding locations with plenty of sunlight and ample water with suitable salt levels is not so common.

To provide the algae cultures with enough water for adequate growth,a water source or sources is needed near the designated site that is capable of maintaining a water supply based on the capacity of the algal production system. Microalgae are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that are found in both marine and freshwater environments . Some species of algae have the ability to tolerate a wide range of water salt levels. Some algae exhibit an excellent ability to tolerate high salt concentrations . Cultivating micro algae can often result in the utilization of water that otherwise has poor potential. One of the important factors that set algaebiomass production technology apart from technologies reliant on terrestrial crop production is the ability of algae to utilize water of poor quality, unsuitable for crop production, which usually means brackish and high salinity inland waters and ocean sea waters .Accessing and evaluating these issues is a critical part of an industry such as growing microalgae for biofuel food stock. One of the intentions of this industry is to minimize environmental damage such as reducing carbon emissions which in turn leads to global warming. This is according to recent report that estimates the world pumped 39.8 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the air last year by burning coal, oil and gas See Figure 2 .

This figure is the result of a very fast growing dependence on fossil fuels that started its rapid climb in the 1950’s. See Graph page 23. But care must be taken to ensure that the industry itself does not create its own environmental problems and every attempt must be taken to produce and process microalgae with minimal impact to the local and greater environment. Amongst these cautions the selection of land is vital to ensure land is not used that could be better utilized. To avoid selecting a site with conflicting land use, it was important to identify areas that were not previously developed or used for a more economically viable use . As the world’s population increases there will be a greater demand for biofuels but also an increased demand for land as food production. Food verses fuel is the dilemma regarding the risk of diverting farmland or crops for liquid biofuel production to the detriment of the food supply on a global scale. Many other factors play an important part in the location selection criteria some of which can change frequently such as politics, ebb flow tray local economic conditions,availability of expertise and probable regional environmental issues.Any form of industry or agricultural process has some potential environmental issues. Accessing and evaluating these issues is a critical part of an industry such as growing microalgae for biofuel food stock.

Additional criteria for potential open pond micro algae production systems sites is that the land should benon competitive, non-sensitive, and sparsely populated . One of the intentions of this industry is to minimize environmental damage such as reducing carbon emissions which in turn leads to global warming. Global climate change is also the major environmental issue of our time . But care must be taken to ensure that the industry itself does not create its own environmental problems and every attempt must be taken to produce and process microalgae with minimal impact to the local and greater environment. Microalgae cultivation for biofuel production can potentially be carried out on marginal land and thus wecan reduce the competition for land and may open up new economic opportunities.

MTS can separate normal samples from abnormal samples by using Mahalanobis distance,which can take into account the correlation between features,and select features with larger information gain through signal-to-noise ratio and orthogonal arrays. As a data-driven pattern recognition method,MTS has been widely used in manufacturing cost accounting , automobile motor-head machining process,rolling bearing fault diagnosis and health assessment  and management decision-making.So,this paper will propose a recognition method of multidimensional poverty based on MTS. Good health and education are pivotal aspects of human capability as well,comprehended in Sen’s theory as freedom of guiding a person to have a different type of life. It is noteworthy that improving sanitation facilities has important positive effects on reducing the contagion of various diseases like hepatitis, cholera, and diarrhea. The three education indexes are access to improved educational attainment, vertical grow table reduced expenditure for education, and accessibility of public education. Besides, there are four indexes to measure deprivation of health, such as health conditions, Sanitation facilities, expenditure for health, and accessibility of healthcare.

The reason for including these dimensions is that with rural,income does not assure to get education and health services. Living dimension is acknowledged as a standard to measure access to basic services, which is included four indexes, such as clean water, improved cooking fuel, electricity, and Engel’s coefficient. Among them, unsafe water can cause many diseases in rural,and the availability of safe water is to a fundamental human right. Good electricity can help people improve accessibility to information by using a wide range offacilities like television, refrigerators, telephones, and computers. In China, using solid fuel caused by indoor air pollution is the primary reason for more than40,000 premature deaths annually. Finally, we consider that asset and housing dimensions are also essential to enhance the quality of life. These reflect the rate of accumulation assets of rural families and provide a buffer territory for people to relieve the negative effects of social and economic risks. There are four assets indexes to evaluate household capital accumulation, such as means of production,assisted living assets, cultivated land quantity, types of current housing. In addition, we use seven indexes to reflect housing conditions, such as Per capita housing, congestion, healthy conditions, lighting conditions, ventilate conditions,air condition, and noisy conditions.

The dataset used in this paper is from the China Labor-force Dynamic survey in 2014, which surveyed the working population aged 15 – 64. It is an interdisciplinary large-scale survey, including issues of labor education, employment,household property and income, household consumption, production and land of the rural household.CLDS2014uses multi-stage and multi-level probability sampling method, which can better reflect the real situation of Chinese society. This paper selected rural household data from central provinces of China in CLDS2014 for analysis,mobile vertical grow tables including Anhui, Henan, Hunan, Hubei, and Jiangxi. The central provinces have the characteristics of large agricultural population,wide distribution of poor people, and complex and diverse causes of poverty. Therefore, this sample data is selected for recognition in the hope of providing a reference for poverty alleviation.

The households were taken as the basic unit to analyze. Besides, we selected family-level data as the primary data source of this study. Nevertheless, we turned to the individual-level data for more detailed information when the description about the conditions of members was ambiguous in the family-level data. Firstly, we segregated rural households from urban households in term of where they lived in, village committees or neighborhood committees. Secondly, if families rejected answering significant problems corresponding to the study, we would deleteit. Thirdly, we preserved families with total income/expenditure are equal to the sum of income/expenditure from sub-component sources. Finally, we got 425 households. In this paper, 425 families are recognized as two classes, that is, poor and non-poor by using the MTS. The MTS can recognize poor and non-poor households and select the main indexes to measure multidimensional poverty, which mainly focuses on income, health, and housing conditions. For rural families, it was of significance to raise their income or enhance sustainable livelihood capacity. Improving farming efficiency was the most remunerative strategy which required relatively high technical support and financial input.

The case study of a RCB was screened initially through eight face-to-face interviews conducted in August 2010, and then subsequent e-mail and telephone conversations. The case is a local RCB located in Jiangsu province, in the eastern part of China where SMEs were well developed. This case bank is one of the early developed RCBs in China and has developed a relatively comprehensive CRM system. Information-gathering techniques implemented during execution of the case study included obtaining historical data and documentation, as well as conducting semi-structured interviews with CRM personnel and bank managers in the case bank. Each interview has duration of approximately one hour and conducted in Chinese in the bank offices. The semi-structured interviews ensured that the researchers maintained control over each interview, without discouraging the discussion of any valuable, additional information. The information from the case and transcripts of interviews were analysed to identify risk factors facing SMEs and farming households. It is extremely important to distinguish between failures and closures. Watson and Everett  note that closing firms could have been financially successful but closed for other reasons.

To define failures they create five categories: ceasing to exist ; closing,or a change in ownership; filing for bankruptcy; closing to limit losses; and failing to reach financial goals. Headd finds that only one-third of new businesses closed under circumstances that owners considered unsuccessful.In the proposed framework, stacking pots it is essential for RCBs to carry out this kind of analysis before starting to develop a default prediction model concerning their SME and farming household clients. Separating the cases of closures from the ones of failures improves the quality of the available information and of the prediction power of a model. In the credit analysis, RCBs should take into account only clients that entered into liquidation, administration or receivership.The construction of CRM framework for RCBs should be based on the analysis of various risk factors affecting failures of the major customers of RCBs. In this study these risk factors are categorised into four clusters: environmental, financial,operational, and guanxi risks. These factors reflect the perceptions of various stakeholders involved in RCBs’ CRM obtained through the case study. Different from the previous literature, this study considers both financial data and non-financial data in analysing credit risk. The value of non-financial information in SMEs’ CRM has been recognised in the literature.

The literature recognises that quantitative variables are not sufficient to predict SME default and qualitative variables  should be considered along with quantitative variables in predicting the failures of SMEs.The framework is divided into five steps. The first step is to distinguish business failure and closure. In credit risk analysis, the focus should be on the failure.Business closure does not mean the failure. The second step is to identify factors contributing to the failure, which should be considered from environmental,operational, financial, and guanxi dimensions. Some factors may appear in one case, but not in other cases. The third step is to identify the principal factors by using specific techniques. Based on the key factors, RCBs design credit risk analysis models with a focus on the analysis of these key/principal factors. The final step is to use the credit risk analysis model to manage credit risks of their portfolios and individual loans. SMEs and farming firms are facing the challenges raised from globalisation, grow lights increased customer expectations, technological advances, and increased competition.The main external environmental triggers include among others government laws and regulations, globalisation of markets and the internationalization of business, major economic, political and social events, technological advancements,customer expectations, supplier requirements, increasing competition,organisational growth, and fluctuations in business cycles.

The changing demographics and the challenges to SMEs in attracting and retaining skilled workers were also identified as major factors influencing business failures. The recruitment and retention challenge is complex for SMEs and it is expected to continue over the long term. Demographic changes , specifically the aging workforce and the declining entrant pool, are occurring in China and SMEs are currently countering some of the impacts.A lack of effective risk management programme in SMEs is also a major factor contributing to the failure of many SMEs. One overriding factor that contributes to ineffective risk management in SMEs is a lack of infrastructure, risk management skills, human capital and adequate management knowledge and training. Gao et al.  acknowledge the limited risk management capability building in Chinese SMEs largely due to lack of adequate education and qualification, higher staff turnover and negative attitudes of both owner-managers and employees towards the use of technology, learning and training.

The thematic maps of land use and cover, over a 30-year period , were developed in MapInfo Professional 8.5 software. The landscape spatial pattern of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul was configured by four  land use classes: Natural, Aquatic, Agricultural Anthropic,and Non-Agricultural Anthropic, and their respective areas, over a30-year period. These classes were later categorized into nine types of land cover: native vegetation, wetlands, water bodies, agriculture, pasture, forestry,bare soil, urbanized area, and road net.The landscape composition was described based on land use and cover changes, expressing the performance of anthropic activities in determining the predominant type of land use, over a 30-year period. The agricultural anthropic land use  showed the highest area values, occupying between 85% and 70% of the total study area, over the last 30years . Through time, a sequence of land use dynamics was observed setting an anthropic matrix, nft system predominantly occupied by farming,with agriculture and soil exposed as the most representative land cover types.

The agricultural anthropic land use has been initially substituted by a natura lone; non-agricultural anthropic land use makes up anthropic matrix as a consequence of ongoing urbanization. The Northern Region of Rio Grandedo Sul evidenced an increase of 81,332.85 ha  in the native vegetation area, over a 30-year period . This increase became particularly marked in 1990, mainly, in greater slope area to the North and East of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul. The total increase in the native vegetation area resulted in a quantitative remnant, occupying around 25%, of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul total area. This value can be considered below the natural area critical threshold of 30% to ensure the balance between biodiversity conservation and economic development in a biocultural landscape.The intensification of the farming mechanization in the South of Brazil, since1980, with an increase in agricultural productivity per unit area, has been identified as one of the driver of the agricultural reduction area, and the consequent reduction of deforestation and natural vegetation recovery.

The replacement of agricultural anthropic areas with subsequent natural vegetation recovery has been described like a feature of regions where socio-economic factors strongly influence land use changes.The increase of forest areas was also previously reported for regions with lower agricultural potential and marked slope gradient. Similar results and reports for the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul were previously related by.The increase in pasture areas of 44,534.71 ha , between 1986 and 2016, may be related to the reduction of agricultural areas, mainly in sloping areas, particularly in municipalities with agricultural technology associated with monoculture .The total area of non-agricultural anthropogenic use  for the North Region of Rio Grande do Sul increased by 4039.88 ha, over a30-year period , particularly, as a result of the urbanization expansion,as well as, the exodus of rural population to urban centers. These results are supported by the increase and the reduction of urban and rural populations, hydroponic gutter respectively,of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul municipalities.There was no change in road net value area  in the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul between 1986 and 2016.

This result is due to the only main roads mapping and rasterization of the study area, due to there solution of the Landsat images  be incompatible with the average width of most of the region’s roads. Three naturalness performances of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul,over a 30-year period, were identified: 1) increased naturalness  resulting, respectively, from the increase of natural areas with or without minimal anthropic influence, and of natural areas with anthropic influence, equivalent to changes from 0.94% to 2.63%, and from13.33% to 26.29%, of the total study area. Areas of high naturalness are associated with patches of natural vegetation, in the North and East of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, particularly, through two remnants of natural vegetation, with areas greater than 1000 ha, located in Indigenous Land,respectively, to the northwest and southeast of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul ; 2) reduction of naturalness ,specifically, related to the ongoing urbanization process, equivalent to a change from 0.38% to 0.57% of the total study area; Reduction of the farming matrix, from 85.35% to 70.51% of the total study area, mainly due to the replacement of agricultural with natural vegetation areas.

Traditional villages have their regional value according to their different geographical environment, natural resources and cultural heritage of different genealogy families, and with the increasing lying Qof villages with the outside world,the problem of hollowing out villages is becoming more and more serious, and the cultural heritage of traditional villages is under threat. Religious belief takes space as the carrier, is a special ideological and cultural phenomenon,the development of traditional villages by the influence and restriction of religious belief culture.Through the investigation and analysis of Datun Village, this study tries to explore the influence of religious belief on the spatial characteristics of traditional villages from the perspective of religious belief, and provides a theoretical basis for the protection and utilization, construction and innovation of the spatial characteristics of traditional religious villages in the new period, so that the traditional villages can not only meet the material needs, but also be able to build under the guidance of cultural characteristics. Domestic research on traditional villages is the earliest from the traditional architecture research, with the development of urbanization, the more popular local culture is people, the study of traditional villages is not limited to this.

At present, the research on religious villages is reflected in the cultural tradition of national religion, rolling benches as well as the influence of religion on the production and living space pattern and social relations of the surrounding villages, many scholars have made great exploration and research on the relationship between religion and village, and inferred from their spatial form and evolutionary mechanism.Through combing, it is found that the research content of the protection of historical and cultural towns and villages in foreign countries mainly focuses on the protection and restoration of local buildings, the idea of protection of traditional villages, the tourism development of traditional villages and so on. Research centers in various countries tend to favour urban development, and the study of villages is also neglected, with relatively few research results.At present, the vast majority of scholars in the past from the perspective of ethnology, religion and political science, less from the perspective of planning.This paper takes this as a starting point to explore the influence of religious belief on the spatial characteristics of traditional villages and provide a theoretical basis for the protection and development of traditional villages.

Taking Datun village as the research object, through the method of literature review and field visit research, this paper studies the spatial characteristics of religion and belief from the three aspects of the village’s spatial structure, street structure and public space structure, and analyzes and organizes the information ,which provides the foundation for the renewal, transformation and development of the traditional village research. In Datun village, the most important resident villagers are Hui and Han, the religion of the Hui faith is Islam, the Han people believe in Buddhism, and there are mosques and Buddhist monasteries in the village. Datun village by the influence of religious belief, built a different size of temples, there are mosques, five fairy temples, Guany in temple, quartet temple, etc., the space layout around the temple,ebb and flow bench and finally in the space to form a temple-centered grid-shaped irregular village. The distribution of temples has an important influence on the overall form of the village, Datun village belongs to the “one village number of temples” form,from the overall spatial layout of Datun village, Buddhist temples are located in the village, along with the axis distribution, forming a clear religious axis. The terrain is low to high, with different Buddhist temples, namely the Quartet Temple, the Five Fairy Temple, the Guanyin Temple and the Mamma Temple.

Among them, the Four Temples and The Wuxian Temple sit in the center of the village, the old age, the Guanyin Temple is located on the hillside behind the village, is the villagers to protect the forest on the old mountain and built later,the terrain is higher, the mother temple is located on the top of the mountain,play an iconic role.The temple pattern in Datun village is not big, in the spatial layout will not be graded, more into the life of the villagers, residents more “around the temple and live”, in the village to form a gathering point, but the various temples in the layout of the formation of axis, become the center of the village, the whole village closely linked, the village is actually a potential belief culture.The mosque is located on the outskirts of the village, distributed in the south,in a relatively independent location for individual construction, so that the temple in front of a more open space, can obtain a wider public space, Hui residents live around the temple, belong to the spontaneous residence of the mosque as the center of the circle around a circle of circular space scattered in a mesh structure. In the initial stage of the village’s beginning to form, the overall spatial layout of the village takes on the characteristics of heart orientation.

It’s generally agreed that control of tick-borne diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa has failed because of lack of epizootiological information and control strategies. These would probably be due to the various social farming challenges at the community interface, controlled by a variety of factors ranging from Government policies,farming technologies, climate change, soil and vegetation to human activities including livestock production systems as well as measures taken to control ticks and treatment interventions done by the farmers. There is still a great lack of knowledge regarding the epidemiology of the increasing HP burden in the region despite the efforts from the regional Governments in the livestock sector to promote the MDGs.In this study we carried out a survey to identify and determine the prevalence of the major HP in Central and Western Uganda. A questionnaire was administered and an on farm drug survey was conducted to determine any relationship between HP distribution and the seasons, farming practices in order to form a baseline for institution of relevant corrective measures within the study areas. In this study, more samples were collected from the Central region probably due to convenience, and demand for laboratory veterinary diagnostic services within these communities.

Prevalence of Theileria and Anaplasma infection was highest in Western region from this study, grow bucket which showed a 50% increment from previous studies in both Northern and Eastern regions of Uganda  . It was also shown that infection with hemo-parasites was highest  among Bos indicus while in the Bos taurus it was established at 57.9%, which is contrary to recent findings   that indicated stability in Bos indicus. This would probably due to the farmer management practices in the rural communities which have led to the endemic instability of the parasites in the livestock populations. Generally, in both regions, farmers did offer medications without consultations from veterinarians due to the liberalization of the livestock industry , and they often wait until the condition has deteriorated thus accounting for the increased animal loses due to HP and the steady increase of the their prevalence within Uganda. Amongst farmers that attempted treatment, majority of them used antibiotics and anti-protozoa agents, while the rest offered no treatment intervention. HP were detected in cattle samples from farmers that had attempted treatment with anti-protozoan agents , which was higher than in those that that claimed to have used antibiotics as shown in Table 3.

The farm surveys also showed that the control of HP and vectors basically relied on the use of anti-protozoan agents as well as  antibiotics which concurs with previous findings   while some farmers offered no chemotherapeutical treatment. It was also observed that the limited human resource at the regional local Governments was not being fully utilized, thus making disease diagnosis and control further more complicated under the prevailing Government policies,dutch bucket for tomatoes thus contributing to the slow development of the livestock industry through increased animal mortalities and poor farming practices that have culminated into the severe climatic changes in these farming communities as shown in Table 10. The Government’s policy on liberalization , of the drug industry has been a great failure, because, the end point of the policy, was not to improve accessibility, but improve animal health and productivity and from our observations this is still elusive.The findings Table 2 and Table 3 showed that generally, cattle in the Western region are more severely affected by HP than those from the Central region, and PCV alone wouldn’t be used as measure of HP presence.Central region had a higher burden of HP than those from the Western .

This would probably be because the Central region lies more within the mixed rain-fed crop-livestock category in Uganda, which has a better climate favorable for farming  which would further indicate that the burden of HP. The absence of screening centers for inter-district animal movements against animal diseases in the regions has further escalated the situation . Generally the occurrence and importance of HP is a reflection of complex interactions involving the causative organisms, tick vectors, the vertebrate hosts and the environment . These interactions are driven and modified by a wide variety of factors ranging from the environment, host, and the vectors as well as community farming activities. Trypanosome prevalence infection was four times greater in Western region than in the Central region , which concurs with the findings of Rubaire  in Eastern Uganda which showed that prevalence of HP in cattle vary with agro-ecological zones and management   in the Kenyan highlands. The Western region is also bordered  by a couple of National Game Parks which continue to act as reservoirs for maintenance  and carrier hosts   in the regional farms as wildlife and cattle often intermingle during grazing.