The same applies to the disposal in the open air and in the water, which reduced 47% and 62%, respectively, from the complete illiterate to the high school.The decrease in the burning process occurred from raising the education level causing a significant increase in the waste packaging process in closed locations, collection and recycling that began to be a behavior of some family members within the production units which have studied Incomplete Elementary School, rising greatly to the ones which attended High School.There was also a 34% increase in the burying process of waste generated based on the high level of education. This indicates that producers believe by burying the waste they are giving a correct destination, however, without knowing the consequences to the families.Nevertheless, even rising the garbage produced amount by family units in Acre as there has been increased in income; it’s possible to note that the educational level plays a key role in the environmental awareness formation.
Through research, it was found that from incomplete Elementary School occurred behavioral changes regarding the destination of the waste. There was, for example,increased process of selective collection, recycling, burial, and waste packaging indoors. Also, a decrease in the open air and in water bodies dump as well as in the waste burning. Rice is not a semiarid region crop because of its high water requirements. However, in Eritrea significant runoff produced from nonagricultural lands, which occupy >50% – 80% area of all agricultural watersheds,nft growing system can be harvested and used as additional rainwater to facilitate rice farming. Farmers cultivate crops on un-terraced sloppy lands that also contribute 60% – 70% of rainfall as runoff, which flows forming numerous channels and gullies damaging downstream field crops. In watersheds of size more than 5 ha, runoff frequently floods the downstream fields at the outlet rendering them unfit for raising a good crop during rainy season .The same runoff could be boon to rice production if diverted through designed waterways into small ponds constructed on upstream side of such fields . Crop yields in Eritrea are low because >70% ofthe total rainfall is lost as runoff from traditional sloppy fields Storage of even part of the runoff in watersheds, which is also rich in nutrients and soil colloidal fractions, can serve as not only extra rainwater but also nutrients for crops.Rice cultivation through water harvesting in terraced fields was successfully demonstrated in Uganda . Although rice likes wetter regime in the root zone, irrigations applied at 8 days interval were also optimum for rice growth in Sudan .
Rice needs water to meet its evapotranspiration requirements and to satisfy percolation from the soil moisture regime of field capacity to submergence necessary for optimum yields High percolation from rice fields and ponds made for harvesting runoff to meet water requirements of rice will also recharge groundwater table that may serve as source of sub-irrigation directly into the crop root zone Tesfamichael observed development of water table that fluctuated from 0.4 – 1.2 m depth from surface during October 2006 to March 2007 in about 6 ha valley farmland in Akriya, Asmara region of Eritrea, surrounded by 36.5 ha hilly terrain.Contribution of groundwater table to ET requirements of wheat was 90% from the water table fluctuating from 0.4 – 0.55 m depth from surface, which declined to 38% as water table dropped to 1.2 m depth by milk stage .Runoff farming has been traditionally practiced as spate irrigation in Eritrea since more than 100 years ago .Spate irrigation is a pre-planting system of irrigation by diverting seasonal rivers producing flash floods from highlands and mountainous areas to recharge soil profile in the lowlands. More than 50% of total irrigation in Eritrea is through spate irrigation practiced from eastern to western lowlands along the Red sea coast Depending upon rainfall, catchment size and runoff from highlands, diversion dams are constructed in the rivers to channelize runoff into cultivated fields to recharge soil profile in several flash floods before planting a crop.Water use efficiency of spate irrigation systems in Eritrea has been low due to wild flooding of uncropped fields leading to over or inadequate watering All spate irrigated fields in Eritrea could prove boon to rice production with high water use efficiency through improvements in existing diversion structures to regulate flood water supply and field level management. Rice could be grown during preplanting irrigation period from the third week of June to October with little intervention in the existing cropping system and flood water management.Objective of this study was to design and develop runoff harvesting system in agricultural watersheds associated with nonagricultural lands to facilitate runoff farming of rice in semiarid environments of Hamelmalo,Anseba region of Eritrea.